中国小细胞肺癌放射治疗临床指南(2020版)

文章简介

本文作者:中华医学会放射肿瘤治疗学分会;中国医师协会放射肿瘤治疗医师分会;中国抗癌协会放射治疗专业委员会;中国临床肿瘤学会肿瘤放疗专家委员会

本文来源:《中华放射肿瘤学杂志》,2020年第8期,第29卷,第608-614页.

 

小细胞肺癌流行概述

肺癌是世界范围内最常见,死亡率最高的恶性肿瘤之一。据统计,2012年全球肺癌新发病例数约180万[1]。而中国2015年肺癌新发病例数约78.7万[2]。总体而言,小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC)占所有肺癌病例的大约15%,在疾病确诊时,局限期SCLC占所有SCLC的约30%[3]

SCLC的发生与吸烟密切相关,90%以上的SCLC患者曾经有吸烟史或正在吸烟,且其发生的风险与吸烟的时间及数量呈正相关。

 

SCLC的诊断

▶ 筛查:尽管低剂量CT筛查可以发现早期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC),但其对于发现早期SCLC没有作用,主要原因还是与SCLC的高度侵袭性有关,SCLC可能会在1次/年的筛查间歇期快速发展为有症状的晚期病变,因此限制了筛查对于降低死亡率的作用[4,5]

 

▶ SCLC的临床表现:可由原发病灶引起如咳嗽、气促、咯血、胸痛、声嘶、饮水呛咳、上腔静脉压迫综合征等。

 

SCLC易转移到脑、肝、骨、肾上腺等器官,可引起相应症状,如头痛、腹胀,转移部位的持续性疼痛等。肿瘤伴发综合征中抗利尿激素异常分泌综合征可见于约15.0%-22.5%患者,主要表现为虚弱无力、淡漠、嗜睡、味觉障碍等[6,7]

 

▶ 病理诊断

显微镜下表现:①细胞较小,缺少胞浆,细胞核呈细小颗粒状,核仁常不明显;②细胞可呈圆形、卵圆形或者纺锤形,细胞边界不明显;③免疫组化染色CK-7、CD-56、Syn、CgA以及质膜及核内的TTF-1可呈强阳性,仅有不到10%的SCLC对上述神经内分泌标志物均染色阴性。细胞角蛋白有利于与淋巴瘤或其他小圆细胞肿瘤相鉴别。Ki-67可用于鉴别SCLC和类癌。

 

需注意的是,约10%的NSCLC中也可表达这些神经内分泌标记中的一项或多项[8,9]。相对于其他实体肿瘤,在SCLC免疫微环境中,肿瘤浸润的淋巴细胞较少,PD-L1的表达水平低,但肿瘤突变负荷较高[10]

 

▶ 影像学检查:目的是为了准确分期,从而给予针对性治疗。①胸部正侧位片:属于影像学基本检查,但不能提供肿瘤侵犯范围及淋巴结肿大情况等细节,常作为普通体检;②胸腹部CT:可准确的判断原发肿瘤侵犯范围、纵隔淋巴结转移情况,腹部重要脏器,如肾上腺、肝脏、腹膜后淋巴结等有无肿瘤转移;无禁忌的情况下均推荐增强扫描;③脑MRI:SCLC易发生脑转移,需予明确是否转移;患者有MRI检查的禁忌证时,则应改行脑增强CT扫描;④全身骨显像:是排除骨转移的常规检查,敏感性高,但特异性较低;当全身骨显像检查发现可疑的骨转移病灶,建议进一步行MRI等检查加以明确;⑤超声检查:推荐行双侧颈部、锁骨上的超声检查,以弥补体格检查及CT检查对判断该区域淋巴结转移的不足[11],且可以对怀疑转移的淋巴结穿刺活检明确病理;⑥全身18F-FDG PET-CT检查:可进一步提高SCLC分期诊断的准确性,局限期SCLC患者经PET-CT检查有15%会升级为广泛期,而5%的广泛期患者则会降期为局限期;但由于其发现脑转移的能力低于MRI,所以脑MRI仍然作为常规检查。此外,全身PET-CT对于指导放疗靶区的精确勾画也有重要作用[12,13,14,15,16]

 

由于SCLC生物恶性度高易转移,因此诊断过程应尽量争取在较短时间内完成以利于尽快治疗。

 

▶ 分期:1973年美国退伍军人医院分期系统将SCLC分为局限期或广泛期,局限期定义为肿瘤局限于一侧胸腔、同侧肺门、双侧纵隔、同侧锁骨上区,且除外恶性心包积液或恶性胸腔积液等情况[17]。简单而言,局限期即所有肿瘤体积能够被一个放疗野所包括,而广泛期则为局限期以外的任何情况。

 

实际上,尽管该分期系统简单易用,但比较笼统,如"局限期"这个说法实际上包括了具有显著异质性的一大类患者,因此影响对患者做出个体化治疗选择及准确反映患者预后情况。而且对原发病灶对侧肺门/锁骨上区淋巴结转移的情况划分为局限期或广泛期存在争议,以至于影响到进一步治疗选择是根治性或姑息性[18]

 

因此,国际肺癌研究协会(International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, IASLC)推荐在日常诊疗和临床研究中,SCLC同样应该参照美国癌症联合委员会(American Joint Committee on Lung Cancer, AJCC)及国际癌症联盟(union international center of cancer, UICC)第8版TNM分期法进行分期。因此,局限期SCLC是指TNM分期Ⅰ-Ⅲ期(TxNxM0期)、能被一个放疗野安全包含的病灶,需除外T3-T4中多发肺结节不能被一放疗野安全包含的病灶;广泛期SCLC则是指TNM分期Ⅳ期(TxNxM1a/b/c期)或者T3-T4中多发肺结节不能被一放疗野安全包含的病灶。

 

▶ 临床诊断注意事项:SCLC的完整临床诊断必须包括定位、定性、定量三方面。定位诊断即肿瘤病灶的准确位置;定性诊断即肿瘤的病理类型(在精准医学时代,还应包括分子分型等);定量诊断即TNM分期,以量化原发灶/转移淋巴结/远处转移的严重程度。完整的肿瘤诊断与治疗手段的选择和患者预后直接相关。

 

SCLC的治疗原则

▶ 局限期SCLC

局限期SCLC的治疗以化疗联合局部治疗的综合治疗为原则,根据不同分期选择化放疗或化疗联合手术治疗。

 

(1) T1-2N0M0期SCLC的放疗及综合治疗:目前的研究支持T1-2N0M0的早期SCLC可以接受根治性手术治疗[19,20],但这部分患者一般仅占所有局限期SCLC的5%,超出该分期不能从手术中获益。而对于因高龄、伴随严重内科合并症等不能耐受手术或不愿意接受手术治疗的患者,可予体部立体定向放疗(stereotactic body radiation therapy, SBRT或stereotactic ablative radiotherapy, SABR)[21,22,23],剂量分割方案以及正常组织剂量限制可参考早期NSCLC的SBRT/SABR。尽量使生物等效剂量(biologically equivalent dose, BED)≥100 Gy,以更好控制肿瘤,获得长期生存。但与接受SBRT/SABR治疗的早期NSCLC不同,早期SCLC接受SBRT/SABR治疗后,辅助化疗仍然不可缺少[24,25]。无SBRT条件的单位,也可以给予根治性放疗(1.5 Gy/次,每天2次,共45 Gy或2 Gy/次,每天1次,共60-70 Gy)联合同步化疗,达到与SBRT/SABR治疗类似的效果[26,27]。然而,这部分早期患者是否能从预防性脑照射(prophylactic brain irradiation, PCI)中获益尚有争议[24,25,28,29,30,31]

 

(2)手术完全切除后肺门、纵隔淋巴结阳性患者的放疗:临床实践中有一部分患者手术后才病理证实为SCLC,这部分患者中肺门、纵隔淋巴结阴性者应予依托泊苷联合顺铂/卡铂方案辅助化疗;术后病理显示肺门和/或纵隔淋巴结阳性的患者,除化疗外,还应当结合术前影像学检查及术后病理,行肺门、纵隔淋巴结引流区的术后辅助放疗[32]。R0切除后的SCLC术后辅助放疗靶区范围,应包括阳性淋巴结所在结区。此外原发灶位于左肺时,应包括左肺门(10L组)、双侧上下气管旁(2、4组)、主肺动脉窗(5组)、主动脉弓旁(6组)及隆突下(7组);原发灶位于右肺时,应包括右肺门(10R组)、右侧上下气管旁(2R、4R组)、隆突下(7组)。放疗剂量可予2 Gy/次,每天1次,共50 Gy。R1/R2切除后的患者,还应给予残留病灶局部加量至根治剂量。

 

(3)分期超出T1-2N0M0局限期SCLC的放疗及综合治疗:化疗联合放疗的综合治疗是不可手术的局限期SCLC患者的标准治疗方式。对其中一般状态好(PS:0-1分)者推荐同步放化疗,对PS为2分的患者谨慎选择同步放化疗,而对老年患者,除了年龄因素,也应考虑器官功能状态和体力PS评分,谨慎明智的选择化疗与放疗的联合[33],而对一般状态较差(PS:3-4分)者行序贯化放疗或单纯化/放疗或根据具体情况予个体化治疗及支持治疗。化疗方案为依托泊苷+顺铂或依托泊苷+卡铂静脉滴注[34,35]。胸部放化疗结束后4周复查胸腹部增强CT、脑增强MRI,评价疗效达到完全缓解或部分缓解者推荐行PCI[36]

 

(4)放疗开始时间:多项Meta分析表明放疗早开始利于改善预后,推荐放疗与第1或第2疗程化疗同步开始[36,37,38,39]。但对于肿瘤巨大,区域淋巴结广泛转移以及伴随肺不张等情况可先予2个疗程化疗,但无论化疗是否有效,在第3个疗程化疗时均应行同步胸部放疗,不宜再推迟放疗[40,41,42]

 

(5)胸部放疗靶区范围:①肺内原发灶的放疗范围:对于接受过诱导化疗的患者,可以仅照射化疗后的残留原发灶,不必照射化疗前原发灶范围[43,44,45,46];②对于纵隔淋巴结引流区的处理:目前多项前瞻性研究表明,不用预防照射未发生淋巴结转移的区域;但转移淋巴结所在的淋巴结区域应予照射,即使该淋巴结化疗后完全缓解也应予放疗。

 

(6)胸部放疗剂量:最佳胸部放疗剂量目前仍不确定,推荐放疗剂量分割方式为1.5 Gy/次,每天2次,共30次45 Gy[44]或2 Gy/次,每天1次,共30-35次60-70 Gy[34,47],或鼓励参与临床研究。

 

(7) PCI:已有大量研究表明局限期SCLC放化疗后疗效评价达完全缓解及部分缓解者予PCI可减少脑转移发生率,并可以提高长期生存率[35]。接受手术治疗的SCLC患者,术后分期在Ⅱ期以上者推荐行PCI,但术后分期为Ⅰ期的PCI作用尚有争议[25,28,29,30,31]。推荐的放疗剂量为25 Gy分10次2周完成,而更高的放疗剂量并未带来进一步获益[47]。PCI开始的时间可在胸部放疗及化疗结束后3-4周,评价疗效达完全缓解或部分缓解即可予施行。为防止严重神经不良反应,PCI应避免与化疗同步进行以及避免采用高剂量放疗[48,49]。对于Ⅰ期SCLC,放化疗后是否需要进一步行PCI同样存在争议。一般而言,对术后病理分期为Ⅰ期SCLC可以不考虑PCI,但临床分期为Ⅰ期的化放疗患者可根据患者具体情况及治疗意愿行PCI的个体化选择。

 

研究表明大脑海马体是帮助人类处理长期学习与记忆、声光、味觉等事件的主要区域,大脑海马齿状回是神经元肝细胞聚集处,放疗后的海马损伤造成神经认知功能障碍。有条件的单位推荐行保护海马的PCI,应采用MRI定位,或先CT定位后在MRI下同体位扫描后图像融合,扫描层厚3 mm,勾画双侧海马[50,51]。限制海马受照平均剂量≤8 Gy,最大剂量≤16 Gy。

 

▶ 广泛期SCLC的放疗

广泛期SCLC病变属于全身性,治疗原则以全身治疗为主,基于最近的两项前瞻性研究结果,推荐化疗联合PD-L1抑制剂一线治疗[52,53]。初始治疗有效性高,但易复发转移,总体预后不佳。

 

(1)寡转移广泛期SCLC的胸部放疗:对于转移数目和部位有限的广泛期SCLC,在接受4-6个疗程化疗后,总体疗效评价为完全缓解及部分缓解的患者中给予胸部病灶放疗能提高总生存,放疗剂量的选择可根据具体情况考虑30 Gy分10次2周完成到60 Gy分30次6周完成,或鼓励患者参与临床研究[54,55,56,57,58,59,60]。但肝转移的患者预后不良[61,62]。胸部放疗靶区可仅照射化疗后残留原发病灶及采用累及野照射化疗前阳性纵隔淋巴结区。

 

(2)非寡转移广泛期SCLC的姑息放疗:对这部分患者放疗目的主要是解除阻塞或压迫,减轻肿瘤转移所致疼痛,提高患者生存质量,并对这些情况多需以急诊方式给予治疗。①上腔静脉压迫综合征:只需照射大体肿瘤体积,可采用大分割放疗方式以期获得快速症状缓解,放疗同时可配合激素及利尿、吸氧等对症治疗;②椎体转移脊髓压迫:应予尽快局部放疗以免椎体骨折引起截瘫,放疗中也应适当予激素及脱水治疗以免放疗本身引起的水肿导致症状加重;③骨转移:可予疼痛部位的外照射,不用预防照射无明显骨质破坏的区域。

 

对于预期生存时间较长的患者可以采用分割剂量较小,疗程较长的放疗方案,但对于预期生存时间较短的患者,可以采用大分割、少分次放疗方式。

 

(3)广泛期SCLC的PCI:广泛期SCLC中PCI的作用目前存在争议[63,64]。欧洲的一项前瞻性随机对照研究显示化疗有效的广泛期SCLC患者行PCI,使1年脑转移率从40%降至15%,生存率从13%提高至27%,但该研究并未在给予PCI前检查脑MRI[63]。而一项日本的前瞻性研究在PCI前予脑MRI检查除外脑转移,结果显示PCI可以降低脑转移发生率,但并未带来总生存获益[64]。故目前对广泛期SCLC在化疗/胸部放疗后可密切随访,每3个月复查脑MRI。但对于初始治疗后一般情况好或随访不便的患者也可考虑予PCI。放疗剂量可参考局限期SCLC的PCI剂量。

 

(4)脑转移的放疗:SCLC的脑转移推荐行全脑放疗(whole brain radiation therapy, WBRT),一般可予30 Gy分10次2周完成,同时配合激素及脱水治疗。对于脑寡转移的患者,可以在WBRT的基础上通过SRS或同步加量技术给予转移灶较高剂量,可进一步改善患者预后[65,66]。由于SCLC的生物学行为易于发生多发脑转移,故对首次脑放疗的患者不推荐单独行伽马刀治疗或SRS。但对WBRT后再次发生脑转移的患者,可以谨慎选择行伽马刀治疗或SRS[67,68]

 

局部复发后的再程放疗

对于胸部局部复发的SCLC,二次放疗可在一定程度上提高生存,但治疗前需充分评估疗效与安全性,两次放疗间隔时间建议在8-12个月以上。照射野以累及野为主,放疗剂量需根据首次放疗靶区剂量及正常组织受量、放疗间隔时间、靶区体积等多方因素来决定。

 

放疗技术

▶ 体位固定及CT模拟定位:

为满足精确放疗的要求,均应予患者行体位固定,可采用真空袋、体罩或两者结合方式加以体位固定。无禁忌的情况下均推荐增强CT模拟定位,扫描范围应超出拟照射的肿瘤范围,并包括正常组织如全肺等,一般为第4颈椎至第2腰椎,扫描层厚应≤5 mm。有条件的单位应采用4DCT定位等呼吸管理方式。

 

▶ 放疗计划制定:

放疗计划制定的最低要求是基于CT模拟定位的三维适形放疗,应使用多野照射并且所有射野均应每日同照。有条件的单位可以使用更先进的调强放疗、容积调强弧形治疗、图像引导放疗或螺旋断层治疗等放疗技术。

 

▶ 正组织剂量限制:

放疗计划完成以后应对靶区剂量及危及器官剂量进行评估。以剂量体积直方图作为基本工具,并根据三维空间中区域等剂量曲线的分布,评估计划靶体积及危及器官的剂量分布。计划评价中危及器官受照剂量限制为95%PTV剂量均匀度93%-107%,双肺V20Gy<30%、肺Dmean<17 Gy,脊髓计划危及体积Dmax<45 Gy,食管Dmean≤34 Gy、V60Gy≤17%,心脏Dmean≤20 Gy、V50Gy≤25%。

 

总结与展望

目前化疗联合放疗是绝大多数局限期SCLC患者的标准治疗方案,手术或SBRT也可作为少数早期患者的选择。对局限期患者,其治疗目的是根治性,应当重视多种综合治疗手段的合理应用,注意治疗细节。而免疫治疗在局限期SCLC综合治疗中的作用,目前仍在积极探索中,已有多项临床研究正在开展,其结果值得期待。

 

对于广泛期SCLC,除了免疫联合化疗在一线治疗取得的阳性结果外[52,53],又有很多新问题需要解答,例如基于放疗与免疫治疗的协同作用,巩固放疗用于胸腔病灶及胸腔外寡转移灶是否可以给患者带来更多获益,还需要更多临床研究去证实。

 

本指南的制订参考了国际和国内权威的SCLC诊疗指南以及国内外最新研究进展。临床工作中每位患者的病情和身体状态存在较大差异,医生需根据患者的具体情况制订个体化的治疗方案,本指南仅作参考。

 

 

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